We measured transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) values using an electrode to evaluate the integrity of the in vitro BBB.
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Only BBBs with TEER values ≥ 1000 Ω∗cm2 at day 10 were included.
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After background subtraction, band intensities were normalized to the corresponding loading control β-ACTIN. For MT-ATP6 immunoblotting, pooled NPCs (at least 1.5 x 106 NPCs) were homogenized in RIPA buffer and sonicated in an ultrasonic bath (Branson 1800-E) for 1 min, incubated in ice for 30 min and then centrifuged at 10,000 x g for 15 min at 4 °C. Protein concentration was determined with the Bicinchoninic Acid (BCA) protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). 30 μg of proteins were run through a 4 % separating / 10 % resolving polyacrylamide gel with stain-free technology (Bio-Rad laboratories), to allow detection and quantification. Proteins were then electroblotted onto a PVDF membrane.
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After 1 h of blocking with 3 % BSA in TBS-Tween at RT, the membranes were incubated with the primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C and subsequently probed with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies for 2 h at RT. Chemiluminescence-based immunostaining (SuperSignal West Pico PLUS Chemiluminescent Substrate, Thermo Fisher Scientific) was performed. Images were acquired with the ChemiDoc MP Imaging system. Data analysis and quantification was performed using Image Lab software, 6.1 (Bio-Rad Laboratories). The following primary antibody was used ATP6 (rabbit, 1:500, Immunological Science), with the appropriate secondary antibodies: anti-rabbit, HRP Conjugate (1:5000, Promega) For preparation of mitochondrial-enriched fractions for Blue Native PAGE, approximately 2 x 107 cells were resuspended in 400 μl of ice-cold Medium A (0.32 M sucrose, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 1 mM EDTA), homogenized in a glass/glass dounce homogenizer with a tight pestle by 10 strokes and centrifuged at 800 x g for 5 min at 4 °C to remove cell debris. To monitor monolayer integrity for both iPSC-derived BBB models, 10 μM sodium fluorescein (Sigma-Aldrich) was added to the apical compartment of two reference inserts for each BCEC differentiation.
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The intensity of the fluorescent tracer molecule was measured in pooled samples of both compartments respectively using a fluorescent plate reader (Infinite M1000 Pro, TECAN, excitation: 490 nm, emission: 525 nm).
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We applied 10 μM sildenafil, sildenafil citrate, or reference compounds in EC medium to the apical compartment of two inserts each and incubated the cells for 1 h at 37 °C, 5 % CO2 on an orbital shaker (100 rpm).
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For this, the CT values of the genes of interest were subtracted from the CT values of the housekeeping genes Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and/or ornithine decarboxylase antizyme 1 (OAZ1). To investigate the differentiation ratio of brain organoids, we used SOX2/CTIP2 ratio. For this, the qPCR method was applied to RNA samples from each five pooled day 70 cortical brain organoids (CTRL_1, CTRL_2, ATP6_4, ATP6_7) with or without 10 μM sildenafil treatment for 24 hours. Control iPSCs (CTRL_8) and LS iPSCs (ATP6_2) were differentiated into brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) following previously described protocols.149,150 Single cells were isolated using Accutase (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and seeded onto Matrigel-coated 6-well plates (Nunc™, Thermo Fisher Scientific) in 2 ml/well mTeSR™ Plus supplemented with 10 μM Y-27632 (STEMCELL Technologies). The starting cell number was optimized for both cell lines respectively. Diazepam and atenolol were used as internal controls given their known high and low BBB permeability, as previously demonstrated.151,152
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After 3 days, medium was changed to 2 ml/well unconditioned medium (UM) when the optimal cell density of 2 - 4 x 105 cells/cm2 was reached (referred to as day 0). UM was composed of 78.5 % DMEM/F12 (Thermo Fisher Scientific), 20 % KnockOut serum replacement (Thermo Fisher Scientific), 1% MEM NEAA (Thermo Fisher Scientific), 0.5 % L-glutamine (Capricorn), and 0.1 mM β-mercaptoethanol (Thermo Fisher Scientific). UM was changed daily for the following five days to initiate co-differentiation of BCECs and neuronal cells. On day 6, medium was changed to 4 ml/well endothelial cell (EC) medium, composed of Human Endothelial-SFM (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and 0.5 % B27 Supplement (Thermo Fisher Scientific), supplemented with 20 ng/ml hFGF and 10 μM retinoic acid (RA) for BCEC expansion. BCECs were adapted to EC medium without hFGF and RA at day 9 for 24 h. Media from both the apical (A) and basolateral (B) compartments were collected, pooled and stored at -80 °C until quantification.
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Supernatants were collected and centrifuged at 9,000 x g for 10 min at 4 °C to obtain the enriched mitochondrial fractions and resuspended in 50 μl of cold Medium A to quantify the protein yield by Bicinchoninic Acid (BCA) protein assay Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Supernatants were collected, supplemented with 5 μl of Sample Buffer (750 mM aminocaproic acid, 50 mM Bis-Tris/HCl pH 7, 0.5 mM EDTA, and 5 % Serva Blue G-250) and stored at -80 °C until use. For Blue Native Gel Electrophoresis (1D-BNGE) and 2D SDS-PAGE, about 40 μg of solubilized mitochondria were separated by pre-cast NativePAGE 3-12 % BisTris gels (Invitrogen) and run sildenafil from canada in a Mini Gel Tank (Thermo Fisher Scientific) at 4 °C. The upper buffer chamber was filled with Dark Blue Cathode buffer (50 mM Tricine, 15 mM Bis-Tris pH 7, 0.02 % Serva Blue G-250), and the lower buffer chamber with Anode buffer (50 mM Bis-Tris pH 7). Samples were run at 100 V for 30 min, then at 200 V.
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Dark Blue Cathode buffer was replaced with Light Blue Cathode Buffer (50 mM Tricine, 15 mM Bis-Tris pH 7, 0.002 % Serva Blue G-250) at half run. Samples were then electroblotted onto a PVDF membrane and blocked for 1 h (3 % BSA in TBS-Tween) at RT before proceeding with the immunodetection. In 1D-BNGE, the antibody against ATP5B was used to visualize complex V holoenzyme and intermediate subassemblies; complex III (detected with antibody against UQCRFS1) was shown as loading control. Denaturing 2D-BNGE was used to confirm the presence of different subassemblies of complex V. For complex V and complex III visualization, we used antibodies against ATP5B (1:1,000, Sigma-Aldrich) and UQCRSF1 (1:1,000, Abcam). Peak areas were used to calculate the apparent permeability (Papp) of each substance using equation:
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Quantification of sildenafil, diazepam and atenolol in apical and basolateral media samples was performed using LC-MS/MS.
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For 2D-PAGE, the gel strips of the 1D-BNGE were excised and covered with a denaturing solution (1 % SDS, 1 % β- Mercaptoethanol) for 1 h at RT. Each gel strip was run through a 4 % stacking / 10 % resolving polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Bio-Rad), electroblotted onto a PVDF membrane, and blocked for 1 h at RT with 3 % BSA in TBS-Tween. The following antibodies were used: ATP5B (1:1,000, Sigma-Aldrich), NDUFA9 (1:1,000, Invitrogen), and SDH-B (1:800, Abcam). Isolated total RNA was transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA). In the Mastercycler X50s (Eppendorf), the mixture was heated to 65 °C for 5 min and then quickly chilled on ice.
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1 μl (200 units) of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Reverse Transcriptase (M-MLV RT) was added to the reaction tube and mixed. The reaction mixture was incubated for sildenafil products over the counter 50 min at 37 °C, and inactivated by heating at 70 °C for 15 min. For the qPCR reaction, the synthesized cDNA was mixed with 10 μM primer mix (primers designed with Integrated DNA technologies, Table S5) and SYBR™ Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) diluted in water in a 96-well plate. The plate was transferred to CFX96™ Real-Time System qPCR machine (Bio-Rad) and the following program was started using CFX96 software: 2 min at 50 °C, 10 min at 95 °C, 39 x (15 s at 95 °C, 30 s at 62 °C, 30 s at 72 °C), 15 min at 95 °C, 5 s at 62 °C, and 50 s at 95 °C. To check the quality of the qPCR products, melting curves were assessed first. The settings were maintained except for minor adjustments.
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Chromatographic separation of atenolol (tR = 3.5 min), sildenafil (tR = 4.3 min) and diazepam (tR = 5.5 min) was achieved with gradient elution within 10 min of total run-time.
| Parameter | Description | Typical Value |
|---|---|---|
| Bioavailability | Percent absorbed into bloodstream | ~40% |
| Tmax (time to peak) | Time to reach maximum plasma concentration | 30-120 minutes |
| Half-life | Duration of drug activity | 4-5 hours |
| Metabolism | Main route | Liver (CYP3A4 enzyme) |
| Excretion | How the drug leaves the body | Mainly feces, some urine |
After positive electrospray ionization, the MS/MS detector recorded three mass transitions per drug compound (fragmentor voltage [FV] and collision energies [CE] in parentheses): Sildenafil: m/z 475.2 → 58.0 (FV: 220
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Pellets of NPCs (at least 1.5 x 106 NPCs) or brain pig tissue (globus pallidus in the basal ganglia) were homogenized in 10 volumes of ice-cold 1x RIPA buffer (150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA pH 8, 50 mM Tris pH 8, 1 % NP-40, 0.5 % sodium deoxycholate, 0.1 % sodium dodecyl sulfate) supplemented with protease and phosphatase inhibitors. Samples were incubated on ice for 30 min, followed by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm for 30 min at 4 °C. After three freeze-thaw cycles, protein concentration in the supernatants was determined using the Bradford assay (Bio-Rad). For SDS-PAGE, 30 μg of total proteins per sample were loaded onto 4-12% gradient polyacrylamide gels. Proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, which were then blocked for 1 h at RT with 5 % non-fat dry milk (Bio-Rad) or 5 % BSA (Sigma-Aldrich) in TBST (TBS + 0.1% Tween-20).
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Membranes were incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies diluted in blocking buffer. The following day, HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (Sigma- Aldrich) were applied for 1 h at RT. Protein bands were visualized using either Clarity Western ECL substrate or Clarity Max from Bio-Rad. Images were acquired with the Azure Biosystems Aerogene 300Q imaging system. Densitometric quantification was performed using ImageJ software. V, CE: 68 eV, quantifier), m/z 475.2 → 100.0 (FV: 220 V, CE: 28 eV), m/z 475.2 → 283.1 (FV: 220 V, CE: 44 eV); Diazepam: m/z 285.1 → 154.1 (FV: 144 V, CE: 28 eV), m/z 285.1 → 193.1 (FV: 144 V, CE: 36 eV, quantifier), m/z 285.1 → 222.1 (FV: 144 V, CE: 28 eV) and Atenolol: m/z
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267.2 → 56.0 (FV: 128 V, CE: 32 eV), m/z 267.2 → 74.1 (FV: 128 V, CE: 24 eV), m/z 267.2 → 144.9 (FV: 128 V, CE: 28 eV, quantifier).
| Medication Class | Interaction Effect | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Nitrates | Severe hypotension risk | Do not combine |
| Alpha-blockers | Potentiates blood pressure lowering | Use with caution |
| CYP3A4 inhibitors | Increases sildenafil levels | Adjust dosage accordingly |
| Other PDE5 inhibitors | Increased risk of side effects | Usually not combined |
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